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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and companies belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who want to become Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs expansion. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a religion in many countries, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and a business business.
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For example, it has actually been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Video game individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of visibility" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case this page was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, Recommended Site as identified in a web poll run by the presidential transition group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in here 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by a company not affiliated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in dealing with those it sees as trying to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.